Ho
Ho belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family, specifically situated within the North Munda branch of the Munda sub-family.
Speakers
According to the 2011 Census of India, there are approximately 1.4 million speakers of the Ho language.
Distribution in India
The language is primarily spoken in the state of Jharkhand (especially concentrated in the West Singhbhum and East Singhbhum districts). It is also widely spoken in the adjoining districts of northern Odisha (such as Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, and Sundargarh) and parts of West Bengal.
Major grammatical features
- Phonology: The phonemic inventory of Ho includes a distinction between aspirated and unaspirated stops, retroflex consonants, and characteristic Austro-Asiatic glottalized or checked stops (often occurring syllable-finally). Vowel nasalization and length can also carry contrastive functional weight.
- Morphology: Ho is a highly agglutinative language. Nouns are marked for three grammatical numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and inflected for grammatical case. Verbs are highly complex, incorporating pronominal markers for both the subject and object, alongside suffixes indicating tense, aspect, and mood.
- Syntax: The default word order is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Ho is head-final, utilizing postpositions rather than prepositions, with modifiers generally preceding the nouns they qualify.
Further reading
Direct relationships
Has record 50
A20241007163221305642_281474976801944.wavaudioTranscription of A20241007163321312380_281474976802073.wavtranscriptionTranscription of A20240817143622273230transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621817006transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143622342953transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143622314300transcriptionA20241007163445063218_281474976803490.wavaudioTranscription of A20240817143622071548transcriptionTranscription of A20241007163241285330_281474976801439.wavtranscriptionA20241007163027955003_281474976801323.wavaudioA20241007164006344116_281474976803675.wavaudioTranscription of A20241007164149567821_281474976802227.wavtranscriptionTranscription of A20240817143622102678transcriptionTranscription of A20241007164133238517_281474976802108.wavtranscriptionTranscription of A20241007164055020759_281474976803739.wavtranscriptionAudio A20240817143621925224audioTranscription of A20240817143621987087transcriptionAudio A20240817143621848538audioTranscription of A20240817143621872361transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621395539transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621815501transcriptionAudio A20240817143621683375audioAudio A20240817143621427328audioAudio A20240817143621397063audioTranscription of A20240817143622086913transcriptionA20241007163039289902_281474976801408.wavaudioAudio A20240817143622119171audioA20241007163330429097_281474976802087.wavaudioAudio A20240817143622180456audioTranscription of A20240817143622222602transcriptionAudio A20240817143622315570audioTranscription of A20240817143621617479transcriptionA20241007162805580669_281474976799622.wavaudioAudio A20240817143621702636audioA20241007163223003520_281474976801947.wavaudioTranscription of A20240817143621433489transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621824861transcriptionAudio A20240817143621433015audioTranscription of A20240817143621808107transcriptionTranscription of A20240817143621629991transcriptionA20241007163932797501_281474976803579.wavaudioA20241007163125075254_281474976801556.wavaudioAudio A20240817143621435872audioA20241007162803904481_281474976799619.wavaudioA20241007162854332151_281474976800158.wavaudioTranscription of A20241007163212443095_281474976801930.wavtranscriptionTranscription of A20240817143621770971transcriptionA20241007164032201337_281474976803708.wavaudioTranscription of A20240817143622177062transcriptionAudio A20240817143621890958audio